PP Compression Fittings | Polypropylene Mechanical Pipe Connections

Global Ready-Stock Network & Strategic Distribution Partnerships

When the Season Starts, Your Supply Should Already Be Ready.

Seasonal demand should never mean unnecessary supply delays.

Through our extensive international sourcing network and access to strategically positioned ready-stock inventories, Be’lyz Group helps irrigation distributors and water infrastructure suppliers minimize procurement lead times, access competitive pricing and respond quickly to market demand.

Beyond supply, we support qualified distribution partners through market development cooperation and performance-based exclusive distribution opportunities.

1. Global Ready-Stock Access

Our extensive international supply network provides access to available inventories positioned to serve markets across seven continents.

Rather than relying exclusively on new production orders, we prioritize suitable ready-stock options whenever possible.

This approach helps reduce production-related waiting periods and enables customers to respond more quickly to market opportunities.

Stock availability, quantities and delivery schedules are confirmed individually for each order.

2. Faster Sampling & Order Fulfilment

We understand that time is a critical factor in seasonal irrigation markets.

Our supply coordination begins at the sampling stage, helping customers evaluate product suitability before progressing to commercial orders.

Once technical and commercial requirements are confirmed, we work to identify available stock, coordinate order preparation and arrange suitable international transportation.

Our objective is to minimize the time between product evaluation, purchasing decisions and delivery.

3. Competitive International Pricing

Be’lyz Group combines its supplier relationships and international sourcing capabilities to develop competitive commercial offers.

By evaluating available inventories, order quantities, shipment consolidation opportunities and suitable sourcing locations, we aim to optimize the overall procurement cost.

Our focus is not simply on offering a low unit price, but on delivering commercially attractive solutions that consider product quality, availability and total supply cost.

4. Strategic Market Development & Exclusive Distribution

Be’lyz Group recognizes the importance of protecting and supporting committed commercial partners in their local markets.

For selected countries, we may offer exclusive distribution arrangements to qualified buyers as part of an agreed market development strategy.

The structure of each arrangement is evaluated according to the size of the target market, commercial potential, distribution capabilities and mutually agreed performance commitments.

Exclusive distribution rights may be established subject to defined contractual conditions, including:

  • Agreed territory and product coverage.
  • Minimum purchase volumes or annual sales targets.
  • Market development and distribution commitments.
  • Agreed commercial milestones and performance reviews.
  • Duration, renewal conditions and compliance with contractual obligations.

Our objective is to develop sustainable, mutually beneficial partnerships that support long-term market growth.

5. A Supply Partner Built Around Market Demand

We understand that distributors, agricultural suppliers and irrigation equipment wholesalers cannot always predict exactly when seasonal demand will accelerate.

That is why our approach emphasizes commercial flexibility, available stock and responsive supply coordination.

Be’lyz Group helps its partners access the right products, at competitive prices, with reduced procurement delays — while supporting their long-term position in their respective markets.

6. PP Compression Fittings — Product Range & Configurations

Complete Mechanical Connection Solutions for Polyethylene Piping Systems

Be’lyz Group provides access to a comprehensive range of polypropylene compression fittings designed for secure mechanical connections in polyethylene water distribution, agricultural irrigation and related piping networks.

Our product portfolio covers straight connections, directional changes, branching arrangements, diameter transitions, threaded connections and pipeline termination requirements.

Products can be sourced in different dimensions, pressure classifications and configurations according to the selected manufacturer and project specifications.

6.1. Straight Compression Couplings

Straight compression couplings are used to connect two compatible polyethylene pipes of the same outside diameter.

Their mechanical gripping and sealing mechanisms provide a secure connection without requiring heat-fusion welding equipment.

Typical applications: Water distribution lines, irrigation pipelines, agricultural networks and pipeline extensions.

6.2. Reducing Compression Couplings

Reducing compression couplings connect polyethylene pipes with different outside diameters.

They are commonly used when transitioning between main distribution pipelines and smaller branch lines.

Typical applications: Irrigation networks, water distribution systems and pipe diameter transitions.

6.3. Compression Elbows — 90° & 45°

Compression elbows provide changes in pipeline direction while maintaining a mechanically sealed connection.

90-degree elbows are widely used for directional changes, while 45-degree configurations may be available depending on the product series.

Typical applications: Irrigation layouts, underground water networks and agricultural pipeline installations.

6.4. Equal & Reducing Compression Tees

Compression tees create branch connections within polyethylene piping networks.

Equal tees connect pipes of the same outside diameter, while reducing tees accommodate selected combinations of different pipe sizes.

Typical applications: Agricultural irrigation distribution, water supply branching and landscape irrigation networks.

6.5. Male & Female Threaded Adaptors

Threaded compression adaptors provide transitions between polyethylene pipes and compatible threaded components.

They are used for connections to valves, pumps, filters, irrigation equipment and other suitable piping accessories.

Thread type, sealing method and mechanical compatibility must be verified before installation.

Typical applications: Pump connections, irrigation control assemblies, filtration systems and water distribution equipment.

6.6. Compression End Caps

Compression end caps are designed to close the ends of compatible polyethylene pipes.

They provide mechanical pipe termination and are commonly used in irrigation systems, temporary network extensions and planned future connections.

Typical applications: Irrigation line termination, branch closures and water distribution networks.

6.7. Flanged Compression Adaptors

Flanged compression adaptors allow selected polyethylene pipelines to connect with compatible flanged valves, equipment and piping components.

Their suitability depends on the fitting design, flange dimensions, pressure requirements and installation conditions.

Typical applications: Pumping stations, irrigation control systems and water distribution infrastructure.

6.8. Special Configurations & Project-Specific Supply

Depending on supplier capabilities, additional configurations may include service saddles, transition fittings and specialized mechanical connection components.

Be’lyz Group coordinates product selection according to:

  • Pipe outside diameter and material compatibility.
  • Required fitting configuration and connection type.
  • Operating pressure and pressure classification.
  • Applicable product standards.
  • Installation conditions and intended application.
  • Available inventory and delivery requirements.

Our objective is to combine comprehensive product availability with competitive sourcing and responsive international supply, helping customers obtain suitable fittings when their markets need them most.

7. Technical Specifications, Dimensions & Pressure Ratings

Engineered Mechanical Connections for Reliable Water Distribution & Irrigation Systems

PP compression fittings are designed to provide mechanically secured, leak-resistant connections for compatible polyethylene piping systems.

Product specifications vary according to fitting configuration, manufacturer, nominal outside diameter, pressure classification and intended operating conditions.

Be’lyz Group coordinates the sourcing of suitable fittings based on project-specific technical requirements, product availability and applicable conformity documentation.

7.1. General Technical Specifications

Technical ParameterTypical Specification / Requirement
Product CategoryPolypropylene Compression Fittings
Fitting BodyPolypropylene-based material, commonly PP-B or PP-R depending on design
Compression NutPolypropylene-based material
Gripping RingManufacturer-specific polymer design
Sealing ElementElastomeric O-ring, commonly NBR or EPDM depending on product
Connection MethodMechanical Compression
Compatible PipesSelected PE80, PE100 and PE100-RC pipes
Common Size RangeDN/OD 16–110 mm; larger sizes subject to supplier availability
Common Pressure ClassesPN10 / PN16, depending on diameter and product series
Typical Operating MediumWater
Typical ApplicationsIrrigation, Agricultural Water Distribution, Landscaping
Reference Product StandardISO 17885, where applicable
InstallationManufacturer-approved mechanical assembly
Product MarkingManufacturer, size, pressure rating and other applicable identification

All values are indicative and must be verified against the approved manufacturer’s technical data sheets.

7.2. PP Compression Fittings — PN16 Size Reference

Be’lyz Group coordinates the sourcing of polypropylene compression fittings for polyethylene water distribution and irrigation systems. The table below summarizes the nominal pipe outside diameters listed for each product configuration in the supplied Rainson catalog.

PN16 requested product classDN/OD 20–110 mm13 catalog configurations

Fitting configurationCatalog-listed pipe OD sizes (mm)Size range (mm)
Straight Coupler20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
90° Plain Elbow20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Equal Tee20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Male Thread Adapter Elbow20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Female Thread Adapter Elbow20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Male Thread Adapter (MTA)20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Female Thread Adapter (FTA)20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
Male Thread Adapter Tee20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
End Cap20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 75, 90, 11020–110
MTA Brass / SS20, 25, 3220–32
FTA Brass / SS20, 25, 3220–32
MTA Elbow Brass / SS20, 25, 3220–32
FTA Elbow Brass / SS20, 25, 3220–32
PN16 verification: This table is restricted to the requested PN16 product category; the source catalog lists the dimensions but does not independently confirm PN16 pressure classification for every fitting and size. PN16 suitability must be verified from the manufacturer’s current technical data sheet and test documentation before quotation or ordering.
Size interpretation: Values indicate nominal PE pipe outside diameter, not threaded connection size. For threaded fittings, confirm thread dimensions and type separately.
Availability: Catalog-listed dimensions are not a guarantee of current ready stock; stock, quantities and lead times are confirmed per order.
Source: Rainson catalog, PP Compression Fittings, pages 40–42.

7.3. Pressure Ratings — PN10 & PN16

PP compression fittings are commonly available in PN10 and PN16 product series.

The actual allowable operating pressure depends on the specific fitting design, size, service temperature, applicable standard and manufacturer approval.

Pressure ClassNominal Pressure Reference
PN1010 bar
PN1616 bar

These values are nominal classification references, not unconditional operating-pressure guarantees.

Pressure derating may be necessary at elevated temperatures or under other specified service conditions.

The complete piping system must be evaluated according to the pressure capability of its individual components, including pipes, fittings, valves and mechanical connections.

7.4. Material Composition & Functional Components

A typical PP compression fitting consists of several functional elements:

Fitting Body: Provides the primary mechanical structure and flow passage.

Compression Nut: Engages with the fitting body and applies the assembly force required by the connection design.

Gripping Ring: Helps secure the polyethylene pipe against axial movement.

Thrust Ring: Transfers or distributes mechanical force within designs that incorporate this component.

Elastomeric Sealing Ring: Provides sealing contact between the fitting and the inserted pipe.

The precise component arrangement, material composition and assembly method depend on the manufacturer’s design.

7.5. Polyethylene Pipe Compatibility

PP compression fittings may be used with compatible polyethylene pressure pipes, including selected PE80, PE100 and PE100-RC systems.

Compatibility must be confirmed based on:

  • Pipe outside diameter and dimensional tolerance.
  • Pipe wall thickness and SDR, where relevant.
  • Pipe ovality and surface condition.
  • Manufacturer-approved pipe material and product series.
  • Operating pressure and temperature.
  • Intended medium and application.
  • Required insertion depth and assembly method.

Compatibility must not be assumed solely because two components share the same nominal diameter.

7.6. International Standards & Product Compliance

ISO 17885 — Plastics Piping Systems: Mechanical Fittings for Pressure Piping Systems

ISO 17885 provides requirements and test methods for applicable mechanical fittings used with plastic pressure piping systems.

Product conformity must be verified against the relevant standard edition, manufacturer documentation and the fitting’s intended application.

Where fittings are intended for drinking-water distribution, additional hygienic approvals or material-contact compliance documentation may be required by the destination market.

A product’s mechanical performance classification does not automatically establish drinking-water contact approval.

7.7. Technical Documentation & Product Identification

Depending on the product series and agreed project requirements, available documentation may include:

  • Manufacturer’s technical data sheet.
  • Product dimensional drawings.
  • Material composition information.
  • Pressure classification and temperature limitations.
  • Applicable conformity certificates.
  • Mechanical performance test reports.
  • Drinking-water contact approvals, where required.
  • Product identification and batch traceability records.
  • Installation and assembly instructions.

Be’lyz Group supports the coordination of available technical documentation to help customers evaluate product suitability before procurement.

Technical Supply Principle

The correct PP compression fitting is determined not only by nominal diameter or purchase price, but by the compatibility of the complete connection system, operating conditions and applicable technical requirements.

8. Installation Procedures, Joint Integrity & Operational Considerations

Secure Mechanical Connections Through Correct Installation Practices

Polypropylene compression fittings are designed to provide reliable mechanical connections for compatible polyethylene piping systems without requiring heat-fusion welding equipment.

However, long-term joint performance depends on correct fitting selection, pipe preparation, installation procedures and operating conditions.

Be’lyz Group supports the sourcing of PP compression fittings together with available manufacturer installation instructions and relevant technical documentation.

8.1. Pipe Preparation & Inspection

Before installation, the polyethylene pipe and compression fitting should be inspected for visible damage, dimensional compatibility and cleanliness.

Key preparation requirements include:

  • Confirming the pipe outside diameter matches the fitting specification.
  • Inspecting pipe ends for deformation, excessive ovality and surface damage.
  • Cutting the pipe square using suitable cutting equipment.
  • Removing burrs and sharp edges that could damage the sealing element.
  • Cleaning the pipe surface and fitting connection area.
  • Checking that the compression nut, gripping ring and sealing components are correctly positioned.

Proper preparation reduces the risk of assembly difficulties, sealing damage and connection failure.

8.2. Mechanical Compression Assembly

PP compression fittings generally use a mechanical gripping and sealing system to retain the pipe and establish joint tightness.

Depending on the fitting design, installation may involve:

  1. Loosening or removing the compression nut as instructed by the manufacturer.
  2. Preparing the pipe end and verifying the required insertion depth.
  3. Positioning the fitting components according to the approved assembly sequence.
  4. Inserting the pipe fully into the fitting.
  5. Tightening the compression nut using the specified installation method.
  6. Inspecting the completed connection before pressure testing.

Some product designs allow pipe insertion without fully dismantling the fitting.

The manufacturer’s installation instructions take precedence over general assembly guidance.

8.3. Joint Sealing & Mechanical Retention

A typical compression fitting combines two primary functions:

Mechanical Retention: The gripping mechanism helps prevent axial pipe movement under the approved operating conditions.

Hydraulic Sealing: The elastomeric sealing element creates a pressure-resistant seal between the fitting and the inserted pipe.

Correct pipe insertion, fitting assembly and component compatibility are essential for both functions.

Overtightening, incomplete insertion or incorrect assembly may compromise joint integrity.

8.4. Pressure Testing & Commissioning

Following installation, the completed piping system should undergo the inspection and pressure-testing procedures specified for the project.

Testing requirements depend on the application, applicable standards, system design and manufacturer recommendations.

Before commissioning, relevant checks may include:

  • Verification of completed mechanical connections.
  • Inspection for visible leakage.
  • Confirmation of pipe restraint and support arrangements.
  • Review of the specified test pressure and duration.
  • Documentation of test results and corrective actions.

A successful pressure test does not replace the requirement for correct product selection and installation.

8.5. Temperature & Operating Conditions

Polypropylene compression fittings must be selected according to the operating conditions of the complete piping system.

Important considerations include water temperature, ambient exposure, operating pressure, pressure fluctuations and installation environment.

The allowable operating pressure may require adjustment at elevated temperatures, depending on the manufacturer’s technical specifications.

Exposure to chemicals, ultraviolet radiation or unusual mechanical loads should be evaluated according to the approved product design.

8.6. Common Installation Errors to Avoid

Typical installation problems may include:

  • Incorrect fitting or pipe diameter selection.
  • Incomplete pipe insertion.
  • Damaged or displaced sealing rings.
  • Excessive pipe ovality.
  • Improper tightening.
  • Contamination of sealing surfaces.
  • Unsupported mechanical loads on threaded connections.
  • Operation beyond the fitting’s approved pressure or temperature limits.

Following manufacturer-approved installation procedures helps reduce these risks.

8.7. Maintenance & Inspection Considerations

PP compression fittings are commonly selected for applications requiring practical installation and accessible mechanical connections.

Where fittings remain accessible, periodic visual inspection may be appropriate according to the operating environment and maintenance plan.

Any leakage, displacement or mechanical damage should be assessed before the system is returned to service.

Disassembly or adjustment of pressurized connections must not be attempted until the system has been safely isolated and depressurized.

Reliable Performance Begins with Correct Installation

Be’lyz Group combines international product sourcing with technical documentation coordination to support dependable PP compression fitting solutions for water distribution and agricultural irrigation projects.

9. Quality Assurance, Product Testing & International Compliance

Reliable Product Quality Through Material Verification, Technical Compliance & Coordinated Supply

At Be’lyz Group, product quality is a fundamental consideration in the sourcing of polypropylene compression fittings for water distribution, agricultural irrigation and infrastructure applications.

Our approach focuses on supplier evaluation, product specification verification, technical documentation and the coordination of quality requirements throughout the procurement process.

By combining access to international ready-stock inventories with appropriate product verification procedures, we aim to help customers obtain reliable fittings without unnecessary procurement delays.

9.1. Material Composition & Component Verification

The performance of a PP compression fitting depends on the interaction of its structural, gripping and sealing components.

Depending on the manufacturer and product design, key components may include:

ComponentMaterial / Function
Compression CapUV-stabilized polypropylene-based component
Fitting BodyPolypropylene copolymer (PP-C)
Gripping RingPolyoxymethylene (POM)
Thrust RingPolypropylene-based component
Sealing RingNBR or EPDM elastomer, depending on product specification
Threaded ConnectionsManufacturer-specific polymer or metal inserts

Material selection, component dimensions and assembly design must be verified against the actual product series.

9.2. Mechanical Performance & Joint Integrity

PP compression fittings must provide adequate mechanical retention and sealing performance under their approved operating conditions.

Depending on the applicable standard and product requirements, relevant verification activities may include:

  • Internal pressure resistance testing.
  • Joint leak-tightness evaluation.
  • Resistance to axial pull-out forces.
  • Mechanical strength and connection integrity assessments.
  • Dimensional inspection.
  • Visual inspection of fitting components.
  • Evaluation of sealing performance under specified test conditions.

Test procedures, acceptance criteria and product coverage must be established according to the applicable standard and manufacturer documentation.

9.3. PN16 Pressure Classification Verification

For the Be’lyz Group PP Compression Fittings portfolio presented as PN16, product selection and commercial confirmation must include verification of the applicable pressure classification.

PN16 represents a nominal pressure designation of 16 bar under the conditions defined by the relevant product specification.

Actual allowable operating pressure depends on fitting size, material, operating temperature, product design and manufacturer limitations.

PN16 classification must be confirmed for each selected fitting configuration and diameter before commercial supply.

9.4. International Standards & Product Conformity

ISO 17885 — Plastics Piping Systems: Mechanical Fittings for Pressure Piping Systems

ISO 17885 is a relevant reference for applicable mechanical fittings used in plastic pressure piping systems.

Product conformity should be evaluated against the relevant standard requirements, the intended application and the manufacturer’s supporting technical documentation.

For drinking-water applications, additional destination-market requirements may apply.

Such requirements can include hygienic suitability assessments, drinking-water contact approvals and relevant product certification.

A manufacturer’s general quality certification does not automatically establish conformity for every fitting type, size or pressure classification.

9.5. Supplier Documentation & Certification Review

Be’lyz Group supports the coordination and review of available technical documentation according to customer and project requirements.

Documentation may include:

  • Manufacturer technical data sheets.
  • Product drawings and dimensional information.
  • Material specifications.
  • Pressure classification documentation.
  • Applicable product conformity certificates.
  • Drinking-water contact approvals, where required.
  • Relevant mechanical test reports.
  • Product identification and batch information.
  • Installation instructions.

Certificate validity, issuing authority, product scope and applicable size ranges should be verified before relying on documentation for a specific project.

9.6. Quality Coordination for Ready-Stock Supply

Ready-stock sourcing can significantly reduce production-related waiting periods, but product availability must be supported by appropriate technical verification.

Before confirming a stock-based supply arrangement, Be’lyz Group may coordinate checks covering:

  • Requested fitting types and quantities.
  • Product sizes and connection configurations.
  • PN16 classification and supporting documentation.
  • Physical stock availability and product condition.
  • Product identification and available batch records.
  • Packaging and shipment readiness.
  • Destination-market compliance requirements.

This approach helps combine the commercial advantages of ready-stock access with responsible product selection and documentation control.

9.7. Third-Party Inspection & Project-Specific Requirements

Where required by the customer or project specification, independent inspection or testing arrangements may be coordinated with the relevant supplier and qualified service providers.

The scope may include product identification, dimensional checks, visual inspection, documentation review or other agreed verification activities.

Third-party inspection availability, test scope, costs and scheduling are subject to prior agreement.

Our Quality & Supply Commitment

Be’lyz Group combines international sourcing capabilities, access to available inventories and coordinated technical verification to support dependable PP compression fitting supply.

Our objective is to help customers secure technically appropriate products at competitive prices, with reduced procurement delays and transparent documentation throughout the supply process.

10. Key Advantages of PP Compression Fittings

Practical, Reliable & Efficient Mechanical Connections for Polyethylene Piping Systems

Polypropylene compression fittings offer a practical connection solution for polyethylene piping systems used in agricultural irrigation, water distribution and related infrastructure applications.

Their mechanical jointing technology, corrosion-resistant components and versatile product configurations make them suitable for a wide range of installations.

10.1. Fast & Practical Installation

PP compression fittings can be installed without butt-fusion or electrofusion welding equipment.

Their mechanical connection design allows installers to assemble compatible polyethylene piping systems using the procedures and tools specified by the manufacturer.

This can simplify installation activities, particularly in agricultural fields, irrigation networks and locations where access to specialized welding equipment is limited.

10.2. Secure Mechanical Pipe Retention

The gripping mechanism is designed to retain the inserted polyethylene pipe and resist axial movement within the fitting’s approved operating conditions.

Correct pipe insertion, component positioning and compression nut tightening are essential for reliable mechanical retention.

10.3. Reliable Leak-Resistant Connections

Elastomeric sealing elements provide sealing contact between the fitting body and the connected polyethylene pipe.

When properly selected and installed, PP compression fittings can provide dependable leak-resistant connections under their specified pressure and temperature conditions.

10.4. Corrosion-Resistant Construction

Polypropylene-based fitting bodies do not undergo the electrochemical corrosion associated with metallic components.

This characteristic makes them suitable for many water distribution, agricultural and underground installation environments.

Where fittings incorporate metallic threaded inserts or other metal components, their corrosion resistance must be evaluated separately.

10.5. Versatile Product Configurations

PP compression fittings are available in multiple configurations to accommodate different pipeline requirements.

Common product types include:

  • Straight compression couplings.
  • 90° compression elbows.
  • Equal compression tees.
  • Male and female threaded adaptors.
  • Threaded elbows and tees.
  • Compression end caps.
  • Selected transition and specialty fittings.

This range supports pipe extensions, directional changes, branch connections and transitions to compatible equipment.

10.6. Compatibility with Polyethylene Piping Systems

Selected PP compression fittings can be used with compatible PE80, PE100 and PE100-RC polyethylene pipes.

Product compatibility depends on pipe outside diameter, dimensional tolerance, fitting design, pressure requirements and manufacturer approval.

Correct component selection is essential for maintaining joint integrity.

10.7. Lightweight & Practical Handling

Polypropylene-based fittings are generally lightweight compared with many equivalent metallic connection components.

Their relatively low weight can simplify transportation, handling and installation, particularly in agricultural irrigation projects involving numerous connection points.

10.8. Suitable for Agricultural & Seasonal Irrigation Networks

PP compression fittings are widely used in irrigation installations requiring multiple branches, directional changes and equipment connections.

Their mechanical assembly design can be particularly useful in agricultural networks where installation efficiency and practical maintenance access are important.

The selected fittings must remain suitable for the intended pressure, temperature, environmental exposure and service conditions.

10.9. Accessible Maintenance & Connection Replacement

Certain compression fitting designs permit disassembly and reassembly according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

This may facilitate maintenance, modification or replacement of compatible pipeline components.

Reuse of fittings, gripping rings and sealing elements must follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.

All maintenance work must be performed after the relevant pipeline section has been safely isolated and depressurized.

10.10. Efficient Connection Solutions for Water Infrastructure

By combining mechanical jointing, versatile configurations and suitable material properties, PP compression fittings provide a practical solution for many polyethylene piping applications.

Their performance depends on appropriate product selection, installation quality and compliance with the manufacturer’s operating limitations.

The Be’lyz Group Product Advantage

Be’lyz Group supports the sourcing of technically appropriate polypropylene compression fittings for international water distribution and irrigation markets, combining product selection expertise with coordinated technical documentation and reliable supply solutions.